Resumo A infecção por micobactérias não tuberculosas é uma das doenças bacterianas crônicas mais comuns em peixes ornamentais de aquário e parece estar diretamente relacionada a práticas de manejo estressantes. Além disso, também representa potencial zoonótico. Aqui, apresentamos o isolamento e a caracterização de micobactérias não tuberculosas de peixes-anjo de água doce doentes (Pterophyllum scalare) em São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliadas nove fêmeas reprodutoras descartadas com sinais de doença. Os peixes exibiam letargia, perda de apetite, caquexia, úlceras cutâneas e exoftalmia. Na necropsia, quatro peixes apresentaram granulomas macroscópicos no baço. Mycobacterium chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare e M. peregrinum foram isolados e identificados por análise de restrição por PCR de hsp65. A análise histopatológica revelou lesões microscópicas compatíveis com micobacteriose, e o bacilo de Mycobacterium foi observado pela coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen. Notavelmente, todas as espécies de Mycobacterium identificadas neste estudo já foram relatadas em pacientes humanos; portanto, animais doentes podem ser uma fonte de infecção para pessoas que manipulam peixes e aquários.

Abstract Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial diseases in ornamental aquarium fish and appears to be directly related to stressful husbandry practices. Furthermore, it also represents zoonotic potential. Here we present the isolation and characterization of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from diseased freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) in São Paulo, Brazil. Nine discarded breeding females with signs of disease were evaluated. The fish exhibited lethargy, loss of appetite, cachexia, skin ulcers, and exophthalmia. At necropsy, four fishes presented macroscopic granulomas in the spleen. Mycobacterium chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare and M. peregrinum were isolated and identified by hsp65 PCR restriction analysis. Histopathological analysis revealed microscopic lesions compatible with mycobacteriosis, and Mycobacterium bacillus were observed by Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Notably, all Mycobacterium species identified in this study have already been reported in human patients; therefore, diseased animals may be a source of infection for people who handle fish and aquariums.

Hypertension is one of the primary modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Furthermore, it is highly prevalent, affecting more than one-third of the global population. Blood pressure measurement is a MANDATORY procedure in any medical care setting and is carried out by various healthcare professionals. However, it is still commonly performed without the necessary technical care. Since the diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurement, it is clear how important it is to handle the techniques, methods, and equipment used in its execution with care. It should be emphasized that once the diagnosis is made, all short-term, medium-term, and long-term investigations and treatments are based on the results of blood pressure measurement. Therefore, improper techniques and/or equipment can lead to incorrect diagnoses, either underestimating or overestimating values, resulting in inappropriate actions and significant health and economic losses for individuals and nations. Once the correct diagnosis is made, as knowledge of the importance of proper treatment advances, with the adoption of more detailed normal values and careful treatment objectives towards achieving stricter blood pressure goals, the importance of precision in blood pressure measurement is also reinforced. Blood pressure measurement (described below) is usually performed using the traditional method, the so-called casual or office measurement. Over time, alternatives have been added to it, through the use of semi-automatic or automatic devices by the patients themselves, in waiting rooms or outside the office, in their own homes, or in public spaces. A step further was taken with the use of semi-automatic devices equipped with memory that allow sequential measurements outside the office (ABPM; or HBPM) and other automatic devices that allow programmed measurements over longer periods (HBPM). Some aspects of blood pressure measurement can interfere with obtaining reliable results and, consequently, cause harm in decision-making. These include the importance of using average values, the variation in blood pressure during the day, and short-term variability. These aspects have encouraged the performance of a greater number of measurements in various situations, and different guidelines have advocated the use of equipment that promotes these actions. Devices that perform HBPM or ABPM, which, in addition to allowing greater precision, when used together, detect white coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MH), sleep blood pressure alterations, and resistant hypertension (RHT) (defined in Chapter 2 of this guideline), are gaining more and more importance. Taking these details into account, we must emphasize that information related to diagnosis, classification, and goal setting is still based on office blood pressure measurement, and for this reason, all attention must be given to the proper execution of this procedure.

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables para la morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, siendo uno de los mayores factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y la insuficiencia renal. Además, es altamente prevalente y afecta a más de un tercio de la población mundial. La medición de la presión arterial (PA) es un procedimiento OBLIGATORIO en cualquier atención médica o realizado por diferentes profesionales de la salud. Sin embargo, todavía se realiza comúnmente sin los cuidados técnicos necesarios. Dado que el diagnóstico se basa en la medición de la PA, es claro el cuidado que debe haber con las técnicas, los métodos y los equipos utilizados en su realización. Debemos enfatizar que una vez realizado el diagnóstico, todas las investigaciones y tratamientos a corto, mediano y largo plazo se basan en los resultados de la medición de la PA. Por lo tanto, las técnicas y/o equipos inadecuados pueden llevar a diagnósticos incorrectos, subestimando o sobreestimando valores y resultando en conductas inadecuadas y pérdidas significativas para la salud y la economía de las personas y las naciones. Una vez realizado el diagnóstico correcto, a medida que avanza el conocimiento sobre la importancia del tratamiento adecuado, con la adopción de valores de normalidad más detallados y objetivos de tratamiento más cuidadosos hacia metas de PA más estrictas, también se refuerza la importancia de la precisión en la medición de la PA. La medición de la PA (descrita a continuación) generalmente se realiza mediante el método tradicional, la llamada medición casual o de consultorio. Con el tiempo, se han agregado alternativas a través del uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos o automáticos por parte del propio paciente, en salas de espera o fuera del consultorio, en su propia residencia o en espacios públicos. Se dio un paso más con el uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos equipados con memoria que permiten mediciones secuenciales fuera del consultorio (AMPA; o MRPA) y otros automáticos que permiten mediciones programadas durante períodos más largos (MAPA). Algunos aspectos en la medición de la PA pueden interferir en la obtención de resultados confiables y, en consecuencia, causar daños en las decisiones a tomar. Estos incluyen la importancia de usar valores promedio, la variación de la PA durante el día y la variabilidad a corto plazo. Estos aspectos han alentado la realización de un mayor número de mediciones en diversas situaciones, y diferentes pautas han abogado por el uso de equipos que promuevan estas acciones. Los dispositivos que realizan MRPA o MAPA, que además de permitir una mayor precisión, cuando se usan juntos, detectan la hipertensión de bata blanca (HBB), la hipertensión enmascarada (HM), las alteraciones de la PA durante el sueño y la hipertensión resistente (HR) (definida en el Capítulo 2 de esta guía), están ganando cada vez más importancia. Teniendo en cuenta estos detalles, debemos enfatizar que la información relacionada con el diagnóstico, la clasificación y el establecimiento de objetivos todavía se basa en la medición de la presión arterial en el consultorio, y por esta razón, se debe prestar toda la atención a la ejecución adecuada de este procedimiento.

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis para morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo um dos maiores fatores de risco para doença arterial coronária, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e insuficiência renal. Além disso, é altamente prevalente e atinge mais de um terço da população mundial. A medida da PA é procedimento OBRIGATÓRIO em qualquer atendimento médico ou realizado por diferentes profissionais de saúde. Contudo, ainda é comumente realizada sem os cuidados técnicos necessários. Como o diagnóstico se baseia na medida da PA, fica claro o cuidado que deve haver com as técnicas, os métodos e os equipamentos utilizados na sua realização. Deve-se reforçar que, feito o diagnóstico, toda a investigação e os tratamentos de curto, médio e longo prazos são feitos com base nos resultados da medida da PA. Assim, técnicas e/ou equipamentos inadequados podem levar a diagnósticos incorretos, tanto subestimando quanto superestimando valores e levando a condutas inadequadas e grandes prejuízos à saúde e à economia das pessoas e das nações. Uma vez feito o diagnóstico correto, na medida em que avança o conhecimento da importância do tratamento adequado, com a adoção de valores de normalidade mais detalhados e com objetivos de tratamento mais cuidadosos no sentido do alcance de metas de PA mais rigorosas, fica também reforçada a importância da precisão na medida da PA. A medida da PA (descrita a seguir) é habitualmente feita pelo método tradicional, a assim chamada medida casual ou de consultório. Ao longo do tempo, foram agregadas alternativas a ela, mediante o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos ou automáticos pelo próprio paciente, nas salas de espera ou fora do consultório, em sua própria residência ou em espaços públicos. Um passo adiante foi dado com o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos providos de memória que permitem medidas sequenciais fora do consultório (AMPA; ou MRPA) e outros automáticos que permitem medidas programadas por períodos mais prolongados (MAPA). Alguns aspectos na medida da PA podem interferir na obtenção de resultados fidedignos e, consequentemente, causar prejuízo nas condutas a serem tomadas. Entre eles, estão: a importância de serem utilizados valores médios, a variação da PA durante o dia e a variabilidade a curto prazo. Esses aspectos têm estimulado a realização de maior número de medidas em diversas situações, e as diferentes diretrizes têm preconizado o uso de equipamentos que favoreçam essas ações. Ganham cada vez mais espaço os equipamentos que realizam MRPA ou MAPA, que, além de permitirem maior precisão, se empregados em conjunto, detectam a HA do avental branco (HAB), HA mascarada (HM), alterações da PA no sono e HA resistente (HAR) (definidos no Capítulo 2 desta diretriz). Resguardados esses detalhes, devemos ressaltar que as informações relacionadas a diagnóstico, classificação e estabelecimento de metas ainda são baseadas na medida da PA de consultório e, por esse motivo, toda a atenção deve ser dada à realização desse procedimento.

Resumen La enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) involucra una gran variedad de patologías en la circulación arterial, siendo la enfermedad ateroesclerótica oclusiva la principal causa. En pacientes en estadios más avanzados de la EAP se considera la revascularización de la zona afectada como tratamiento a seguir del manejo médico. Como una opción en el manejo endovascular tenemos la preparación del vaso para los distintos grados de calcificación. La litotricia intravascular (LIV), basada en la litotricia extracorpórea para la litiasis renal, es de recién incorporación al arsenal disponible para el tratamiento endovascular útil, mejorando la distensibilidad luminal y facilitando el tratamiento endovascular. Este ha demostrado una reducción significativa del grado de estenosis residual (≤ 30%), una menor tasa de complicaciones (1.4 frente a 6.8% en angioplastia) y menor necesidad de uso de angioplastia medicada o stent para mantener permeable el vaso tratado (LIV 5.2 y 4.6% comparado con 17 y 18.3%). Se presenta el caso de un paciente con EAP TASC C en quien se realizó LIV para tratamiento de la lesión, presentando un buen éxito técnico y clínico.

Abstract Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) involves a wide variety of pathologies that affects the arterial circulation, being the atherosclerotic occlusive disease the main cause. In patients in more advanced stages of PAD, revascularization of the affected area is considered a treatment to follow medical management. As an option in endovascular management, we have the preparation of the vessel for the different degrees of calcification. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL), based on extracorporeal lithotripsy for renal lithiasis, is a recent addition to the arsenal available for useful endovascular treatment, improving luminal distensibility and facilitate endovascular treatment, it has shown a significant reduction in the degree of residual stenosis (≤ 30%), a lower rate of complications (1.4 vs. 6.8% in angioplasty) and less need for the use of medicated angioplasty or stent to keep the treated vessel patent (LIV 5.2 and 4.6% compared to 17 and 18.3%). It is presented the case of a patient with TASC C PAD who underwent IVL, with good technical and clinical success.

RESUMO A qualidade desta operação de preparo do solo pode ser mensurada por equipamentos denominados perfilômetros, fornecendo informações quanto a rugosidade, área mobilizada, empolamento e espessura do solo trabalhada. Porém, trata-se de equipamento antiquado, com elevadas horas de trabalho no campo e escritório. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi construir um perfilômetro eletrônico utilizando triangulação a laser e sensores de ultrassom para medição de perfis de solo mobilizados digitalmente. Em seguida, os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os obtidos com um perfilômetro de barra deslizante tradicional para avaliar a precisão e eficiência dos sensores. Para o experimento conduzido em ambiente controlado, adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis foram mensuradas, sete vezes, através dos três perfilômetros (eletrônico a laser, eletrônico a ultrassom e o tradicional) nos perfis original, elevado e mobilizado do solo. Verificou-se que o perfilômetro eletrônico com ultrassom diferiu na totalidade das mensurações em relação ao perfilômetro convencional, com o sensor a laser apenas na rugosidade modificada. mobilizada trabalhada Porém tratase trata se antiquado escritório Assim digitalmente seguida controlado adotouse adotou casualizado mensuradas vezes original Verificouse Verificou convencional modificada

ABSTRACT The quality of soil tillage can be measured with a specific device called profilometer, which provides information on roughness, mobilized area, blistering, and thickness in disturbed soils. However, it is an outdated device, requiring many hours of field and office work. Thus, the objective of the present work was to develop an electronic profilometer using laser triangulation and ultrasound sensors for measurement of digitally mobilized soil profile. The results obtained were compared to those acquired with a conventional sliding bar profilometer to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the sensors. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design under a controlled environment. The variables were measured seven times using the three profilometers (laser, ultrasound, and conventional) in the original, elevated, and mobilized soil profiles. The electronic profilometer with ultrasound differed in all the measurements when compared to the conventional profilometer, which differed from the laser sensor only in modified roughness. roughness area blistering soils However Thus profile environment laser, (laser original elevated profiles

Abstract: Since the publication of DSM-5, it has become more important to carry out a differential diagnosis to distinguish people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from cluster C personality disorders. The aim of the present research study was to identify a personality profile of adults with ASD using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in order to carry out this differential diagnosis. The study sample consisted of a total of 178 subjects divided into four groups for comparison purposes. The ASD group obtained a MMPI personality profile with a characteristic 2-0 code that was specific to this sample of people with mild ASD, and higher scores in scales 6, 7 and 8 relative to the other scale scores. A specific MMPI personality profile was identified for ASD subjects, which differentiated this group from the other groups studied.

Resumen: Desde la publicación de DSM-5, se ha vuelto más importante llevar a cabo un diagnóstico diferencial para distinguir a las personas con TEA de los trastornos de personalidad del grupo C. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar un perfil de personalidad de sujetos con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) utilizando el Inventario de Personalidad Multifásico de Minnesota (MMPI) para llevar a cabo dicho diagnóstico diferencial. La muestra del estudio consistió en un total de 178 sujetos divididos en cuatro grupos de comparación. El grupo TEA obtuvo un perfil de personalidad MMPI con un código característico 2-0 que era específico para esta muestra de personas con TEA leve, y puntuaciones más altas en las escalas 6, 7 y 8 en relación con las otras puntuaciones de la escala. Se identificó un perfil de personalidad MMPI específico para los sujetos con TEA que diferenció a este grupo de los otros grupos estudiados.

Resumen Las prácticas de manejo del suelo pueden impactar la calidad ambiental de este recurso y pueden ayudar a diagnosticar la fuente de su contaminación. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de elementos metálicos y no metálicos como indicadores de impacto en el uso del suelo (manejo ganadero, estrategias de restauración y prácticas sin manejo de suelo) en el Ejido Monte Caldera (Cerro de San Pedro) San Luis Potosí, México. En cada uso de suelo se recolectaron 18 muestras por uso de suelo entre 0-10 cm y 10-20 cm de profundidad. Aplicando la Técnica de Rayos X de Fluorescencia se determinaron las concen traciones totales de Zr, Sr, U, Th, Pb, As, Rb, Cr, V, Ti, Zn y Cu. Las concentraciones medias obtenidas fluctuaron a razón de Ti>Zr>Rb>V>Sr>Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>Th>U>As. En Ti, Cr, Th, U y As se superaron las referencias técnicas de concentraciones en suelo consideradas a nivel fitotóxico. La prueba de ANOVA reveló una diferencia significativa entre uso de suelo (Th, Pb, Rb, Cu) y profundidad (U, Pb y As). El uso de suelo con prácticas asociadas a la restau ración indica impacto ambiental positivo. Se identifica la necesidad de realizar estudios de seguimiento en la zona y su asociación con otros factores ambientales.

Abstract Land management practices can have an impact on the environmental quality of soil and contribute to identifying the source of its pollution. The objective of this study was to determine presence of metallic and non-metallic elements as indicators of land use impact (livestock management, restoration strategies and without management practices) in the Monte Caldera communal lands located in Cerro de San Pedro, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Eighteen samples were collected at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm for each land use. Total concentrations of Zr, Sr, U, Th, Pb, As, Rb, Cr, V, Ti, Zn, and Cu were determined by X-ray fluorescence. Mean concentrations ranged in the following order: Ti>Zr>Rb>V>Sr>Zn>Cr>P b>Cu>Th>U>As, with concentrations for Ti, Cr, Th, U and As exceeding technical reference values for phytotoxic soils. Significant differences were evidenced by ANOVA between land use (Th, Pb, Rb, Cu) and soil depth (U, Pb, and As). Land use practices associated with restoration resulted in a positive environmental impact. These findings underscore the need to conduct follow-up studies in the area and further examine the relationship of such practices with other environmental factors.

Resumen. Se ha estimado que cada año mueren 42 a 365 millones de aves en Norteamérica a causa de las colisiones con ventanas. Sin embargo, se desconoce la magnitud de las especies que se pueden ver afectadas con las cristalerías para los países latinoamericanos que tienen una alta diversidad de aves. Por lo que, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar la riqueza de especies afectadas y conocer las características (tipo de cristal y vegetación cercana) que influyen sobre la mortalidad de aves en Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. Realizamos monitoreos que consistían en búsqueda de aves muertas o lesionadas en los edificios con fachadas o ventanales en diferentes zonas de la ciudad. Además, compilamos la información ciudadana con la intención de complementar la lista de las especies afectadas en los edificios de la ciudad. Obtuvimos 474 registros de accidentes, que correspondieron a 82 especies de aves. Las especies de mayor frecuencia fueron Zenaida asiatica, Turdus grayi y Columbina passerina. La cristalería reflectante generó la mayor mortalidad de aves, al igual que la presencia de la vegetación cercana. El número de especies afectadas fue alto a comparación con los estudios realizados en otras regiones del país (Jalisco y Tamaulipas). Además, varias de las especies afectadas se encuentran amenazadas al nivel nacional e internacional y otras son especies endémicas de México. Por lo que, es importante evitar la cristalería reflectante al igual que la combinación árbol-ventana, pues éstos atraen a las aves y corren el riesgo de colisionar.

Abstract. It has been estimated that 42 to 365 million birds die each year in North America due to collisions with windows. However, the magnitude of species affected by collision with windows is unknown for Latin American countries that have high avian diversity. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to analyze the richness of species affected by windows, and determine the characteristics (type of glass and nearby vegetation) that influence bird mortality in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. We conducted surveys that consisted of searching for dead or injured birds in buildings with facades or windows in different areas of the city. In addition, we compiled citizen information to complement the list of species affected by buildings in the city. We obtained 474 records of accidents, which corresponded to 82 species of birds. The most frequent species were Zenaida asiatica, Turdus grayi, and Columbina passerina. Reflective glass generated the highest bird mortality, as did the presence of nearby vegetation. The number of species affected was high in comparison with studies carried out in the other regions of the country (Jalisco and Tamaulipas). In addition, several of the affected species are threatened nationally and internationally, and others are endemic to Mexico. Therefore, it is important to avoid reflective glass, as well as a tree-window combination, as these attract birds and run the highest risk of collisions.

Abstract: One of the fundamental components of smart cities is the smart grid characterized by various information and operational technologies that guarantee reliable and clean energy supply. For this reason, they are a fundamental pillar for achieving sustainability in the world in which we live. Despite the enormous advantages of the smart grid, it has quite a few challenges; one that has been fundamental in recent years is cybersecurity. The traditional approach to address cybersecurity issues generally does not consider the human factor as the main component. Recently, the concept of cyber hygiene has emerged, where the social and human aspect is fundamental since in the same similarity with traditional hygiene, the fact of carrying out personal care practices can contribute to improving people’s health, in this sense, having better personal cybersecurity practices will allow for better cybersecurity performance of systems. This work shows the implementation of cyber hygiene in the context of smart grid, showing a methodology to carry it out and applying it in the context of smart metering systems. The results show that the proposed method can successfully be used in the smart grid and can be applied to other contexts.

Summary A 20-year-old male patient diagnosed with a complex iatrogenic ureteral lesion in a single right kidney underwent diversion of the urinary tract using a ureterostomy. He is referred to the Urology service of the Hospital General de México with acute kidney injury and pain in the right flank to preserve renal function. Medical treatment is given and exploratory laparotomy is performed due to the total absence of the right ureter, complete ureteral replacement is performed with cecal appendix, during clinical evolution multidisciplinary management is given. The importance of this case is to present a treatment option in complex ureteral lesions, ureteral replacement with cecal appendage, which is currently an unusual technique, however with multiple advantages. This technique is a suitable option in the total absence of the ureter to preserve the renal function of the patient’s only kidney.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze food strategies, the quality of breakfast and the practice of physical activity in medical students, related to their socioeconomic conditions, and body mass index. Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional comparative study in 2nd-year students sitting a course in medicine at the University of Mexico. An instrument was developed and validated to collect the variables indicated, which was applied online using the Formstack platform. We used X2 or Fisher's exact and t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney U-test and performed logistic regression. Results: The logistic regression model indicated that being over 20 years of age, male, obese, and with a low physical activity index were risk factors associated with unhealthy food strategies, with no statistically significant difference. The risk was 41.2-fold in individuals reporting a poor-breakfast quality and six-fold in those who did not eat breakfast. The odds ratio values for insufficient and satisfactory quality of breakfast were at risk, with no statistically significant difference. Not having enough food was a 7.9-fold predictor of risk. Unhealthy food strategies were observed in more than 70% of students with intermediate and inadequate economic resources and in which the average expenditure on food was low. Conclusion: Healthy eating habits need to be promoted at the Faculty of Medicine, in addition to stressing the importance of a good quality breakfast and engagement in physical activity among students.

ABSTRACT Greenhouse experiments and productions require a high-level control of pests and diseases. Nowadays, society demands to find sustainable alternatives to replace agrochemicals in food production. Solarization is one of the most promising tools due to its low installation cost and control efflciency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of solarization on a substrate for a greenhouse experiment in Córdoba, Argentina. At the INTA-Manfredi Agricultural Experimental Station, 12 m3 of substrate underwent the solarization process, being exposed to solar radiation for six months (December 2021-May 2022). In addition, substrate control remained in natural conditions. Soil functional groups using different growth culture media were measured to verify the solarization effect. The solarized substrate showed a reduction in proteolytic microorganisms (90 %), mesophiles (93 %) and fungi (100 %). The ammonifiers and biological nitrogen fixers microorganisms were reduced by 78 % compared to the control treatment, while yeasts and Bacillus spp. showed reductions up to 64 % and 69 %, respectively. Solarization achieved a 99 % reduction of weeds. The pH decreased by 1.9 % and the electrical conductivity (EC) increased by 5.91 % in the solarized substrate. The total dissolved solids increased by 169 % for the solarized substrate.

RESUMEN Los ensayos y la producción en invernaderos requieren un alto nivel de control de plagas y enfermedades. La sociedad exige alternativas sostenibles que sustituyan a los agroquímicos. La solarización es una de las herramientas prometedoras debido a su bajo costo y eficiencia de control, para la desinfección de sustratos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la solarización sobre un sustrato en Córdoba, Argentina. En la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA-Manfredi, 12 m3 de sustrato se expusieron a la radiación solar durante seis meses (diciembre 2021 - mayo 2022). El sustrato control no fue solarizado. Se midieron grupos funcionales utilizando diferentes medios de cultivo. El sustrato solarizado mostró una reducción de microorganismos proteolíticos (90 %), mesófilos (93 %) y hongos (100 %). Los microorganismos amonificadores y fijadores biológicos de nitrógeno se redujeron en un 78 % en comparación con el tratamiento de control, mientras que las levaduras y Bacillus spp. mostraron reducciones de hasta el 64 % y el 69 %, respectivamente. Las malezas se redujeron 99 %. El pH disminuyó un 1,9 % y la conductividad eléctrica (CE) aumentó un 5,91 % en el sustrato solarizado. Los sólidos disueltos totales (SDT) aumentaron un 169 %.

Resumen Clostridioides difficile es un anaerobio esporulado que se asocia con episodios de diarreas hospitalarias. Su virulencia se encuentra vinculada, principalmente, a las toxinas TcdA y TcdB, codificadas por sus respectivos genes, tcdA y tcdB, que son parte de un locus de patogenicidad (PaLoc). Nuestro objetivo fue caracterizar los toxinotipos de C. difficile circulantes en un hospital público. Los genes tcdA y tcdB fueron amplificados y digeridos con diferentes enzimas de restricción: EcoRI para tcdA; HincII y AccI para tcdB. Además, se evaluó la presencia de cdtB (gen de la toxina binaria B) y de las toxinas A y B (por dot blot), así como el efecto citotóxico de sobrenadantes de cultivo sobre células Vero. En conjunto, estos estudios revelaron tres toxinotipos circulantes según la clasificación de Rupnik: 0, I y VIII; el más prevalente fue el último. Aunque son necesarios más estudios (ej., secuenciación), es interesante notar que la presencia del toxinotipo I podría estar relacionada con la introducción de bacterias de diferente origen geográfico. En los pacientes infectados con el toxinotipo VIII, el análisis multivariante de los resultados de laboratorio mostró que los aislamientos asociados a decesos (GCD13, GCD14 y GCD22) estaban situados en regiones de los biplots relacionados con valores de laboratorio alterados al momento de la internación. En los otros pacientes, aunque no se observó correlación entre los valores de laboratorio al momento de la internación y la evolución clínica, los niveles de urea, creatinina y recuento de glóbulos blancos estuvieron correlacionados positivamente entre sí una vez diagnosticada la infección. Nuestro estudio revela la circulación de diferentes toxinotipos de C. difficile en un mismo hospital público. La variedad de toxinotipos puede originarse a partir de microorganismos preexistentes en la región, así como también por la introducción de bacterias provenientes de otras regiones geográficas. La existencia de microorganismos con diferente potencial patogénico es relevante para el control, el seguimiento y el tratamiento de las infecciones.

Abstract Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming anaerobe microorganism associated to nosocomial diarrhea. Its virulence is mainly associated with TcdA and TcdB toxins, encoded by their respective tcdA and tcdB genes. These genes are part of the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc). Our aim was to characterize relevant C. difficile toxinotypes circulating in the hospital setting. The tcdA and tcdB genes were amplified and digested with different restriction enzymes: EcoRI for tcdA; HincII and AccI for tcdB. In addition, the presence of the cdtB (binary toxin) gene, TcdA and TcdB toxins by dot blot and the cytotoxic effect of culture supernatants on Vero cells, were evaluated. Altogether, these studies revealed three different circulating toxinotypes according to Rupnik's classification: 0, I and VIII, being the latter the most prevalent one. Even though more studies are certainly necessary (e.g. sequencing analysis), it is worth noting that the occurrence of toxinotype I could be related to the introduction of bacteria from different geographical origins. The multivariate analysis conducted on the laboratory values of individuals infected with the most prevalent toxinotype (VIII) showed that the isolates associated with fatal outcomes (GCD13, GCD14 and GCD22) are located in regions of the biplots related to altered laboratory values at admission. In other patients, although laboratory values at admission were not correlated, levels of urea, creatinine and white blood cells were positively correlated after the infection was diagnosed. Our study reveals the circulation of different toxinotypes of C. difficile strains in this public hospital. The variety of toxinotypes can arise from pre-existing microorganisms as well as through the introduction of bacteria from other geographical regions. The existence of microorganisms with different pathogenic potential is relevant for the control, follow-up, and treatment of the infections.

Abstract Lateral abdominal herniae are rare, they usually occur after trauma, vascular or renal surgery, their incidence is less than 2%. Since 1906 there are just about 250 reported cases and there are many treatment options, including laparoscopic approach, direct muscle approximation with sutures, mesh, suture anchors and, even, conservative treatment. We present the case of a 30 year old male who suffers a motorcycle crash that results in a posttraumatic flank hernia. He was treated with a delayed abdominal wall reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and a fascia lata graft. There is no algorithm or specific treatment for lateral abdominal herniae and, because of its low incidence, little is known about their evolution and long-term results of the distinct reconstruction techniques. It's possible to reconstruct the abdomen wall early or delay it, depending on the abdominal cavity contamination and the patient's general condition.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar las características tomográficas preoperatorias de la nariz y los senos paranasales de niños con dacriocistitis crónica. Método: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Se evaluaron tomografías de senos paranasales de pacientes candidatos a dacriocistorrinostomía endoscópica, durante 2 años. Se identificaron características demográficas, hallazgos radiológicos, procesos inflamatorios y variantes anatómicas, utilizando la clasificación Lund-Mackay. Análisis estadístico con Stata 10.0, análisis descriptivo con t de Student: diferencia medias y χ2. Estudios logísticos para estimar la probabilidad entre variables. Resultados: Se incluyeron 27 hombres y 11 mujeres (n = 38). De ellos, 22 tenían afección del conducto nasolagrimal unilateral y 16 bilateral. Rango de puntuación de Lund-Mackay: 2-20. Once pacientes tuvieron patología asociada. Seno etmoidal anterior y maxilar más afectados (69%), complejo osteomeatal (68%), etmoidal posterior (51%). La probabilidad de que los pacientes con rinosinusitis grave puedan presentar dacriocistitis es 12 veces mayor que en los pacientes con < 12 puntos. Los hombres presentaron mayor gravedad, afectación y repercusión clínica. Conclusiones: Existe afección rinosinusal radiológica en la dacriocistitis, que debe ser evaluada y tratada en el preoperatorio para evitar complicaciones o reinfecciones posquirúrgicas.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the preoperative tomographic characteristics of the nose and paranasal sinuses of children with chronic dacryocystitis. Method: Prospective, observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study. CT scans of the paranasal sinuses of patients candidates for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy were evaluated for two years. Demographic characteristics, radiological findings, inflammatory processes and anatomical variants were identified using the Lund-Mackay classification. Statistic analysis. Stata 10.0, descriptive analysis, Student's t: mean difference and χ2. Logistic studies to estimate the probability between variables. Results: 27 men and 11 women (n = 38) were included. Of these, 22 had unilateral and 16 bilateral nasolacrimal duct involvement. Lund-Mackay score range: 2-20. Eleven patients had associated pathology. The most affected were anterior and maxillary ethmoidal sinus (69%), osteomeatal complex (68%), posterior ethmoidal (51%). Patients with severe rhinosinusitis are 12 times more likely to develop dacryocystitis than patients with < 12 points. Men presented greater severity, affectation, and clinical repercussion. Conclusions: There is radiological rhinosinusal involvement in dacryocystitis, which must be evaluated and treated preoperatively to avoid postoperative complications or reinfections.

Abstract Introduction: Spinal injuries are common among young adult men. Recognizing kinematics can help reduce the number of late diagnoses, especially if there are consciousness disorders. Vertebral fractures can be single or multiple, and they are often associated with extravertebral injuries. Objectives: To examine the distribution of the lesion based on the mechanism of production, to characterize the neurological condition, to evaluate the lesion pattern and its relationship with extravertebral lesions, and to analyze the treatment. Materials and Methods: This was a multicenter, prospective study of patients admitted with post-trauma vertebral injuries between July 1, 2018 and June 30, 2020. Age, gender, kinematics, neurological condition, affected sector, pattern of injury, and associated extravertebral injuries were all examined. Results: There were 281 patients (60% men) evaluated, with 400 vertebral and 118 extravertebral lesions. The causes were as follows: polytrauma in 62 cases, falls from great heights in 147 patients, and traffic accidents in 98. ASIA E was the most frequently observed neurological picture (8 cases), which was not determined at admission. The T2-L5 sector was the most affected, mostly by compression injuries. Head and chest trauma were the most common extravertebral injuries; there was one case of SCIWORA and one early death. Conclusions: The most commonly affected spinal sectors were thoracolumbar, thoracic, and lumbar; the injuries are typically caused by falls from great heights and, in general, are isolated, with no neurological injuries. The treatment is determined by the stability and neurological condition.

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones raquídeas son frecuentes en hombres adultos jóvenes. Reconocer la cinemática ayuda a disminuir la tasa de diagnósticos tardíos, principalmente si hay trastornos de la conciencia. Las fracturas vertebrales pueden ser únicas o múltiples, y asociarse con lesiones extravertebrales. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar la distribución de la lesión según el mecanismo de producción, caracterizar el cuadro neurológico, evaluar el patrón de lesión y la asociación con lesiones extravertebrales, y analizar el tratamiento. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo de pacientes con lesiones vertebrales postrauma, que ingresaron entre el 1 de julio de 2018 y el 30 de junio de 2020. Se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: edad, sexo, cinemática, cuadro neurológico, sector afectado, patrón de lesión, lesiones extravertebrales asociadas. Resultados: Se evaluó a 281 pacientes (60% hombres) con 400 lesiones vertebrales y 118 extravertebrales que, en 62 casos, conformaban un cuadro de politraumatismo; 147 con trauma por caída de altura y 98, por accidente de tránsito. El cuadro neurológico más observado fue ASIA E (8 casos), no determinado al ingreso. El sector T2-L5 fue el más afectado, en su mayoría, por lesiones por compresión. Las lesiones extravertebrales más frecuentes fueron el trauma de cráneo y de tórax; hubo un caso de SCIWORA y un óbito temprano. Conclusiones: Los sectores raquídeos más afectados fueron: el toracolumbar, el torácico y el lumbar; las lesiones suelen deberse a caídas de altura y suelen ser únicas, sin cuadro neurológico. El tratamiento se decide según la estabilidad y el cuadro neurológico.